Foreword ix Acknowledgments xi 
1 Introduction and Overview 1 Aaditya Mattoo 
THE ECONOMICS, lAW, AND POLlCY OF MODE 4 2 The GATS, Mode 4, and Pattern 
of Commitments 21 Antonia Carzaniga 
3 Mode 4: Negotiating Cha/lenges 
and Opportunities 27 Richard J. Sel! and B. K. Zutshi 
4 The Economic Implications 
of Liberalizing Mode 4 Trade 59 L. Alan Winters 
5 labor Mobility in Regional Trade 
Agreements 93 Julia Nielson 
6 Current Regimes for the Temporary Movement of Service Providers: 
Case Studies of Australia and the 
United Sta te s 113 Julia Nielson and Oliver Cattaneo 
THE STAKEHOLDERS' VIEW 
7 Draft Model Schedule for Mode 4: 
A Proposal 157 Mark Hatcher 
8 Mode 4 and the Software Services Sector: 
An Indian View 163 Vaibhav Parikh 
9 International Trade and Migration 
of Health Care Workers: Thailand's 
Experience 1 71 Suwit Wibulpolparsert 
10 Barriers to the Temporary Migration 
of Filipino Service Providers 179 ]osephine ]. Francisco 
11 The Jamaican Experience with the 
Movement of Natural Persons in the 
Provision of Services 191 Enos A. Brown 
12 Mode 4 and Trade Unjan Concerns 201 Mike Waghorne 
13 The Temporary Inflow of Natural Persons 
for the Swiss IT Market 207 Pierre E. Page 
THE REGULATORS' PERSPECTIVE 
14 Mode 4: Through a Canadian 
Immigration Policy Lens 211 Paul Henry 
15 Mode 4: A German Regulator's View 221 Torsten Christen 
16 Mode 4: A U.S. Regulator's View 227 Howard R. Dobson 
17 Mode 4: A South African Regulator's View 231 Ivan Lambinon and Mario G. R. Oriani-Abrosini 
Figures 
8.1 Coverage of fue WTO Agreements 164 9.1 Annual Output of Medical Doctors, Thailand, 
1937-2020 173 
9.2 Percentage of Rural Medical Students, Thailand, 
1974-97 173 
9.3 Percentage of Medical Specialists and General 
Practitioners, Thailand, 1971-99 174 9.4 Distribution of Doctors, Thailand, 1977-2001 175 9.5 Private Doctors and Beds, Thailand, 1970-2000 176 10.1 Land-based Filipino Workers Overseas, by Region, 
1995-2000 180 
10.2 Contribution of Overseas Employrnent to GNP, 
1990-2000 181 
14.1 The Intersection of Policy Contexts 212 
Tables 
2.1 Types of Natural Persons Supplying Services 25 4.1 Home and Host Concepts: Accounting Concepts 
for the Temporary Flow of Labor from Country A 
to Country B 76 4.2 Regions and Sectors 77 4.3 Economic Welfare by Region and Class ofWorker 79 4.4 Percentage Change in the Real Wages of Skilled 
and Unskilled Workers 80 4.5 Welfare Decomposed According to Effects 
of Increasing Skilled and Unskilled Quotas 83 6.1 Summary of Business Sponsorships, Australia 126 6.2 Application Fees and Charges, Australia 127 6.3 Temporary Entry Visas Issued, Australia, 2000-01 130 6.4 Business Visitors by Country of Citizenship, 
Australia, 2000-01 130 6.5 Business Temporary Residents by Country 
of Citizenship, Australia, 2000-01 131 6.6 Business (Long-Stay) Independent Executive Visas 
by Country of Citizenship, Australia, 2000-01 131 6.7 Top Five Occupations Sponsored by Employers, 
Australia, 2000-01 132 6.8 Temporary Entrants with Right to Work 
by Occupation. Australia, 1999-2000 133 6.9 Working Holiday Makers by Country of Citizenship, 
Australia, 2000-01 133 

6.10 Numbers ofVisas lssued for Other Relevant 
Categories of Entrants, Australia, 2000-01 134 6.11 Medical Practitioner Visas by Country of Citizenship, 
Australia, 2000-01 135 6.12 Nonimmigrants Admitted by Class of Admission: 
Selected Categories and Fiscal Years, United States, 
Selected Years, 1985-2001 144 6.13 Geographic Origin ofNonimmigrants to the 
United States: Selected Categories of Most 
Relevance for Mode 4, 2001 147 6.14 Profile ofH1B Beneficiaries byTop Ten lndustries, 
United States, Fiscal 2001 149 6.15 All H1B Petitions Approved by U.S. lmmigration 
and Naturalization Service, by Company Name, 
October 1999-February 2000 150 6.16 Profile of H1B Beneficiaries by Top 10 Countries 
of Birth, United States, Fiscal 2001 152 9.1 Migration ofMedical Doctors, Thailand, 1963-65 172 9.2 Monthly Remuneration ofMedical Doctors Working 
in Rural Hospitals, Thailand, 2000 174 10.1 Selected Top Skills Deployed, Philippines, 1995-2000 183 10.2 Selected Filipino Professionals Deployed, 1995-2000 184 10.3 Top Ten Seafarer Supplying Countries, as of2000 184